We investigated the contributions of familiarity of setting, self-relevance and self-projection in time to episodic future thinking. The role of familiarity of setting was assessed, in Experiment 1, by comparing episodic future thoughts to autobiographical future events supposed to occur in unfamiliar settings. The role of self-relevance was assessed, in Experiment 2, by comparing episodic future thoughts to future events involving familiar others. The role of self-projection in time was assessed, in both Experiments, by comparing episodic future thoughts to autobiographical (...) events that were not temporal in nature. Results indicated that episodic future thoughts were more clearly represented than autobiographical future events occurring in unfamiliar setting and future events involving familiar others. Our results also revealed that episodic future thoughts were indistinguishable from autobiographical atemporal events with respect to both subjective and objective detail ratings. These results suggest that future and atemporal events are mentally represented in a similar way. (shrink)

Lack of understanding about the relationship between federal and state educational institutions brings confusion into discussions of democracy, equity and equality in schools. The 'right to education' continues to be espoused by American society as a birthright, yet it does not figure in federal documentation. This matter has repeatedly come to the attention of legislative courts, who have insisted that the question of education as a fundamental right be addressed. Numerous court cases have attempted to bring closure on this issue, (...) on the basis of such abstractions as national rights, equal access, opportunity and economic disparity among the petitions. However, legal judgments remain inconclusive, reiterating that education remains a state legislative issue. This paper explores the implications of a fundamental right to education through an examination of federal and state legal litigation, discussing the philosophical and ideological roots of discussion of rights and democratic values, and evaluating how federal and judicial participation contributes to overall misunderstanding regarding public schooling. (shrink)

Using a recent result of Busch and Gudder, we reconsider a theorem of Ludwig which allows one to identify a class of effect automorphisms as the symmetry transformations in quantum mechanics.

This paper discusses, within the context of analytical theory, some of the implications when rape is subsumed within the international crime of genocide and concludes that this type of enquiry is essential for creating a clearer framework to address and understand this violation. From the analysis undertaken, two critical questions become apparent: a) Does compatibility exist when rape is subsumed within the category of a group violation (genocide), if rape is constructed as a violation of an individual’s sexual autonomy? i (...) b) Is the link between rape and genocide necessarily problematic within this notion of autonomy for the individual victim of rape? The process unfolds within an analytical theoretical approach that touches upon the current concept of human rights with its focus on the individual. Although the key element is the individual, the concept of human rights also creates a space, albeit limited and at times controversial, for the group. As such, this paper identifies some of the theoretical implications that emerge once rape is subsumed within the international crime of genocide, which is defined as a violation committed against particular groups. (shrink)

This contribution addresses some bioethical and medico-legal issues of the opinion formulated by the Italian National Bioethics Committee (CNB) in response to the dilemma between the State’s duty to protect the life and health of the prisoner entrusted to its care and the prisoner’s right to exercise his freedom of expression. The prisoner hunger strike is a form of protest frequently encountered in prison and it is a form of communication but also a language used by the prisoner in order (...) to provoke changes in the prison condition. There are no rules in the prison regulations, nor in the laws governing the legal status of prisoners, that allow the conscious will of the capable and informed subject to be opposed and forced nutrition to be carried out. However, this can in no manner make therapeutic abandonment legitimate: the medical doctor should promote every action to support the patient. In the recent opinion formulated by the CNB it was remarked how self-determination is a central concept in human rights and refers to an individual’s ability to make autonomous and free decisions about his or her life and body. (shrink)

A proposta deste artigo é relacionar a teoria da guerra justa de Francisco de Vitória e sua teoria do valor mercantil. A hipótese aqui desenvolvida é que Vitória introduz a liberdade comercial como um dos móbiles que, quando impedidos, justificam uma guerra contra as populações nativas da América, porque, alguns anos antes, já desenvolvera uma teoria do valor, que torna sem fundamento a anterior proibição teológica do lucro comercial. Justificada assim a guerra, ele defende uma teoria dos direitos do vencedor, (...) que inclui a legitimidade da deposição dos governantes, a tomada de terras e bens e a escravização dos súditos. Em outras palavras, para Vitória, a guerra justa, motivada por interesses comerciais, torna legítima a colonização. (shrink)

O presente artigo pretende mostrar que o conceito de segunda natureza ocupa um lugar central no pensamento de Blaise Pascal, sendo o fundamento das suas reflexões políticas, dentre as quais emergem aquelas em torno do conceito de justiça. Para tanto, mostra como o conceito de segunda natureza, embora tenha sua origem em categorias teológicas, situa-se já no plano metafísico, de onde se impõe como fundamento da existência histórico-temporal do homem. Deste modo, o conceito de segunda natureza possibilita a Pascal pensar (...) um conceito de justiça que, afastando-se do Direito Natural moderno, se apóia em bases históricas. No pensamento político pascaliano emergem, em primeiro plano, as concupiscências, a partir das quais se constituem a força, a imaginaçáo, os costumes e as leis, e, com elas, a distinçáo entre as grandezas de estabelecimento e as grandezas naturais. Com estas últimas categorias, Pascal transita de uma reflexáo genealógica da política, à qual se liga um conceito negativo de justiça, a uma reflexáo doutrinal, que possibilita um conceito positivo de justiça. (shrink)

The rise of the idea of the Anthropocene is promoting multiple reflections on its meaning. As we consider entering this new geological epoch, we realize the pervasiveness of humankind’s deconstruction and reconstruction of the Earth, in both geophysical and discursive terms. As the body of the Earth is marked and reshaped, so is its idea. From a hostile territory to be subjugated and exploited through sovereign commands, the Earth is now reframed as a vulnerable domain in need of protection. The (...) mode of sovereignty, which has accompanied human and legal history and practice during modernity and its project of mastery, is no longer useful. Humanity’s control of the Earth is being reimagined and reconfigured along biopolitical coordinates of thought and action. Biopolitics shifts the focus of power, changes its modalities of interventions, and rearticulates its legitimacy on the idea of taking responsibility for the Earth, for nature. A biopolitical re-orientation of law captures the fundamental aim of caring for nature, of fostering its vital possibilities and of enhancing its productive potential. Yet, biopolitics engulfs nature in its entirety under its framework of control, where protection and subjugation, vulnerability and productivity, life and death are constantly entangled in a reciprocal and inevitable relation of indistinguishability. Sovereignty becomes thus a key modality of biopolitical intervention, when nature is recalcitrant, wild, spontaneous, unpredictable, violent, dangerous. Biopolitics, thus, remains caught in an undecidable dilemma, where in order to protect the Earth, it must subjugate it; to save it, it must condemn it. In this respect, biopolitics remains utterly modern, or as argued by Roberto Esposito, modernity has always been biopolitical, insofar as modernity has emerged as a framework for the protection of life against life’s own excesses. But how can we escape the biopolitical reframing and enframing of the Earth and its total subsumption under its matrix of control? How can we rethink the encounter between law and nature without remaining entangled in the aporetic dilemma of biopolitics? An aesthetics of wonder may offer a way. (shrink)

Like other thinkers of the 1920s and 1930s, Georges Bataille seeks to identify a unifying theoretical-philosophical principle of dialectical materialism, accomplishing this through affirmation of a radical materialism, whose characteristics are the recovery of ”base matter” and the critique of all sublimated elevation to what is “higher.” In this effort, in a distinctive juxtaposition to both Marxism and psychoanalysis, he considers the relations of materialism with the Hegelian dialectic and Nietzschean genealogy, valuing the presence of “base matter” in these philosophical (...) projects and critiquing, in the same manner, the fact that, in them, “base matter” is sublimated in the “higher.”. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This article deals with the economic foundation of the critical theory presented by Guy Debord in “The society of the spectacle” (1967). At this point, the fundamental thesis of this theory is that advanced capitalism would have dominated the crisis tendencies through State action. This action would not express the autonomy of politics over the economy, but rather the autonomous movement of the fetishist economy acting consciously in the State. Following Debord, the article tries to show how this theoretical (...) conception retakes the philosophical terms of Rosa Luxemburg and Eduard Bernstein’s debate on the capitalist crisis, in the beginning of the 20th century, positioning itself in regard to this issue in a very unique way. (shrink)

Este estudo pretende pensar o problema do conhecimento em Blaise Pascal, atentando para sua concepção do método geométrico aplicado ao conhecimento da natureza e das técnicas e para seu esforço por uma outra forma de conhecimento que possa ser aplicada às realidades “sobrenaturais” (a fé, o homem, a moral, os costumes, a política). Para tanto, o presente estudo articula uma análise dos ensaios pascalianos Préface. Sur le Traité du vide, De l’e.

This memoir consists of two parts, of which the first deals with the foundations of the theory of the struggle for existence, and begins with the introduction of the important concept of quantity of life, besides that of population. The fundamental equations are then established for the case where the individuals of a biological association mutually devour each other, the reasoning being based on the principle of encounters and on the fundamental hypothesis of the existence of equivalents of the individuals (...) constituting the different species which form the association.Having now obtained the equations which determine the rates of change of the numbers of individuals and of the quantities of life of the species, the memoir proceeds to find the equations relating to the stationary state, by establishing theorems which are afterwards applied for the purpose of obtaining the three general laws of the fluctuations. This investigation of the equilibrium state is then followed by the determination of the integrals of the fluctuation equations, and the deduction from these of their most important consequences.The second part of the memoir contains the enumeration and demonstration of the general laws of the struggle for existence, which flow from the discussion of the principles and the integrals obtained in the first part. In this way there is established a new sort of dynamics, demographic dynamics, which, though substantially different from the dynamics of material systems, is developed from an analogous point of view.The second part begins with the principle of the conservation of demographic energy, according to which there are two sorts of energy, one actual and one potential, which transform mutually the one into the other. This principle is the analogue of the principle of conservation of mechanical energy. It is followed by the enunciation of the three laws relating to the biological fluctuations, the experimental verification of which has been investigated by several naturalists. The success which has attended their efforts is well known.Everybody knows the importance ofHamilton's principle in mechanics and in all the domains of physical science. An analogous variation principle can be found in biology, and from it one can deduce the fluctuation equations in the canonical Hamiltonian form and also in the form of a Jacobian partial differential equation. Their integrals in involution from the subject next studied, and in this way are found cases where the integration is reducible to quadratures.Hamilton's principle leads to the principle of least action . There exists also in biology a closely related principle, which may be called the principle of least vital action. Its analytical form is such that it requires the existence of a true minimum, a state of affairs which does not always hold good in the analogous case in mechanics.Die Abhandlung besteht aus zwei Teilen: Der erste ist den Grundlagen der Theorie des Kampfes ums Dasein gewidmet. Man beginnt damit, neben der Bevölkerung die Menge des Lebens einzuführen, welche eine sehr wichtige Rolle spielt. Man geht dann dazu über, die Grundgleichungen für den Fall aufzustellen, in welchem die Individuen einer biologischen Assoziation sich gegenseitig auffressen. Man wendet das Prinzip der Begegnungen an und stützt sich auf die Grundhypothese der Existenz von Individuenäquivalenten der verschiedenen Arten, welche die Assoziation bilden.Wenn man die Gleichungen, welche die Variationen der Individuenzahlen und der Lebensmengen der Arten liefern, gefunden hat, so schreitet man zu den statischen oder Gleichgewichtsgleichungen fort und findet so die Theoreme, die man alsdann benutzt, um die drei allgemeinen Gesetze der Fluktuationen zu erhalten.Nach dem Studium des Gleichgewichtes geht man dazu über, die verschiedenen Integrale der Fluktuationengleichungen zu finden und zieht endlich aus ihnen die wichtigsten Folgerungen.Im zweiten Teile werden die allgemeinen Gesetze des Kampfes ums Dasein, welche aus der Diskussion der Prinzipien und der im ersten Teil gewonnenen Integrale stammen, ausgesprochen und bewiesen. Man baut so eine neue Dynamik auf: die demographische Dynamik, welche, obschon sie wesentlich verschieden von derjenigen der materiellen Systeme ist, sich nach einem analogen Gesichtspunkt entwickelt.Man beginnt in diesem zweiten Teil mit dem Prinzip der Erhaltung der demographischen Energie, nach welchem zwei Energien, die aktuelle und die potentielle, sich ineinander verwandeln. Wir haben hier eine Analogie zum Prinzip der Erhaltung der mechanischen Energie. Dann werden die drei Gesetze der biologischen Fluktuationen formuliert. Für sie haben verschiedene Naturforscher experimentelle Bestätigungen gesucht. Man kennt den Erfolg ihrer Bemühungen.Alle Welt kennt die Bedeutung des Prinzips vonHamilton in der Mechanik und in allen Gebieten der Physik. Man kann ein dem Variationskalkül analoges Prinzip in der Biologie finden. Aus ihm kann man die Fluktuationsgleichungen in der kanonischen Form vonHamilton und in der Gestalt einer Gleichung mit partiellen Differentialquotienten vonJacobi herleiten. Ihre Integrale bilden den Gegenstand der folgenden Studien. Man findet Fälle, in denen die Integration sich auf Quadraturen reduziert.Das Prinzip vonHamilton zieht das Prinzip der kleinsten Wirkung oder das Prinzip vonMaupertuis nach sich. Auch in der Biologie gibt es ein mit dem vorgenannten zusammenhängendes Prinzip, welches man das Prinzip der kleinsten vitalen Wirkung nennen kann. Seine analytische Form ist derart, dass es sich um ein wahres Minimum handelt, das im analogen Fall in der Mechanik nicht immer zutrifft. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this paper, I argue that a number of influential Millian responses to Frege’s puzzle, which consist in denying that Frege’s data apply to natural languages, are not viable if logic is to play its role in legitimizing the logical appraisal of rational subjects. A notion of validity which does justice to the normativity of logic must make room for a distinction between valid inferences and enthymemes. I discuss the prospects of formal, relevant and manifest validity as candidates for (...) a notion which complies with this desideratum. Their success, or failure is argued to hang on the viability of a semantical account of de jure co-reference, which is in tension with standard Millian tenets. I conclude that these Millian theories face the following dilemma: either accept that there is no notion of logical validity which makes logic normative for reasoning, thus jeopardizing our well entrenched practices of rational appraisal; or accept that de jure co-reference is a real semantical relation. (shrink)

Nossa proposta é pensar a relação entre a função sistemática da Fenomenologia do Espírito, no pensamento de Hegel, e as categorias de exteriorização e alienação, conforme o objeto e o método expositivo próprios dessa ciência filosófica (e da obra que a expõe). Dessa forma, apresentamos a hipótese de uma fundamental relação entre alienação e formação cultural no capítulo VI da Fenomenologia do Espírito. A demonstração de que a exposição dessa obra não trata diretamente de objetos, mas da experiência da consciência (...) frente a esses objetos, se afasta de uma leitura que a toma como tematização de relações sociais objetivas. Our proposal is to consider the relationship between the systematic function of the Phenomenology of Spirit in Hegel's thought and the categories of externalization and alienation, according to the object and the expositive method related to this philosophical Science (and the work that exposes it). Thus, we present the hypothesis of a fundamental relationship between alienation and cultural formation in the chapter VI of the Phenomenology of Spirit. The demonstration that the exposition of this work does not treat of objects directly, but to the experience of consciousness against these objects, moves away from a reading that takes it as a thematization of objective social relations. (shrink)

In this paper we investigate a logic for modelling individual and collective acceptances that is called acceptance logic. The logic has formulae of the form $A_{Gx} \phi $ reading 'if the agents in the set of agents G identify themselves with institution x then they together accept that φ'. We extend acceptance logic by two kinds of dynamic modal operators. The first kind are public announcements of the form x!ψ, meaning that the agents learn that ψ is the case in (...) context x. Formulae of the form [x!ψ]φ mean that φ is the case after every possible occurrence of the event x!ψ. Semantically, public announcements diminish the space of possible worlds accepted by agents and sets of agents. The announcement of ψ in context x makes all ¬ψ-Worlds inaccessible to the agents in such context. In this logic, if the set of accessible worlds of G in context x is empty, then the agents in G are not functioning as members of x, they do not identify themselves with x. In such a situation the agents in G may have the possibility to join x. To model this we introduce here a second kind of dynamic modal operator of acceptance shifting of the form G:x↑ψ. The latter means that the agents in G shift (change) their acceptances in order to accept ψ in context x. Semantically, they make ψ-worlds accessible to G in the context x, which means that, after such operation, G is functioning as member of x (unless there are no ψ-worlds). We show that the resulting logic has a complete axiomatization in terms of reduction axioms for both dynamic operators. In the paper we also show how the logic of acceptance and its dynamic extension can be used to model some interesting aspects of judgement aggregation. In particular, we apply our logic of acceptance to a classical scenario in judgment aggregation, the so-called 'doctrinal paradox' or 'discursive dilemma' (Pettit, Philosophical Issues 11: 268-299, 2001; Kornhauser and Sager, Yale Law Journal 96: 82-117, 1986). (shrink)

_Contributions to Law, Philosophy and Ecology: Exploring Re-Embodiments_ is a preliminary contribution to the establishment of re-embodiments as a theoretical strand within legal and ecological theory and philosophy. Re-embodiments are all those contemporary practices and processes that exceed the epistemic horizon of modernity. As such, they offer a plurality of alternative modes of theory and practice that seek to counteract the ecocidal tendencies of the Anthropocene. The collection is comprised of eleven contributions approaching re-embodiments from a multiplicity of fields, including (...) legal theory, eco-philosophy, eco-feminism and anthropology. The contributions are organized in three parts, ‘Beyond Modernity, ‘The Sacred Dimension’ and ‘The Legal Dimension’. The collection is opened by a comprehensive introduction that situates re-embodiments in theoretical context. Whilst closely bound with embodiment and new materialist theory, this book_ _contributes a unique voice that echoes diverse political processes contemporaneous to our times. Written in an elegant and accessible language, the book will appeal to undergraduates, postgraduates and established scholars alike seeking to understand and take re-embodiments further, both politically and theoretically. (shrink)

La hipótesis de este texto es que la forma-sujeto históricamente específica de la modernidad capitalista es derivable lógicamente, en tanto forma simple y abstracta de constitución del individuo social, de la forma-mercancía. La forma-sujeto funciona como el límite impersonal en inmanencia al cual se organiza la experiencia concreta y compleja de los actores particulares y agentes colectivos en las relaciones sociales capitalistas. En el marco de los lineamientos metodológicos que atraviesan el programa derivacionista del Estado compilado en el libro Estado (...) y capital preparado por Adrián Piva y Alberto Bonnet, delimitaremos algunas notas que oficien como contribución para una derivación dialéctica de la forma-sujeto capitalista. (shrink)

Las experiencias de justicia transicional en la antigüedad griega muestran hasta qué punto las emociones pueden jugar un papel específico en el restablecimiento social de la memoria, la justicia y la verdad. A partir de un estudio de fuentes clásicas provenientes de Atenas, Dicea y Nacone, el propósito del presente trabajo es identificar la ficción afectiva sobre la que reposan estos marcos institucionales: al proyectar el plano emocional desde los individuos hasta la colectividad, se produce una instalación política del páthos (...) que, mediante la planificación, procura superar los efectos traumáticos de la guerra civil y diseñar una comunidad emocional basada en las virtudes de la reconciliación. (shrink)

Este artigo se propõe a apresentar a formulação feuerbachiana do fundamento sensível do pensamento, buscando mostrar que nesse empreendimento Feuerbach: [1] toma como base uma teoria da objetivação, inseparável de uma teoria do homem como essência-gênero (Gattungswesen); [2] formula uma interpretação do desenvolvimento moderno da filosofia ao qual sua proposta filosófica seria imanente e do qual seria o resultado necessário; e [3] chega a formular as bases de uma nova posição ética, no plexo Eu-Tu. Desse modo, sua posição ontológica, ao (...) reivindicar o sensível como o verdadeiro, não se constitui num imediatismo, pois o sensível aí apresentado é ele mesmo mediado pela existência genérica dos homens. This paper intends to present the Feuerbachian formulation of the sensitive basis of thought, attempting to show that, for such enterprise, Feuerbach: [1] takes as its foundation a theory of objectification, inseparable from a theory of humans as essence-species (Gattungswesen); [2] formulates an interpretation of the modern development of philosophy, from which his philosophical proposal would be immanent and of which it would be the necessary result; and [3] ends up formulating the basis of a new ethical position within the I-You plexus. Thus, his ontological position whereby he claims that that which is sensitive is that which is true does not constitute immediatism because such sensitivity is, itself, mediated by the generic existence of humanity. (shrink)

El presente trabajo se propone sintetizar y valorar críticamente los puntos más salientes del recientemente publicado libro Objetividad y ciencia en Cayetano. Una prefiguración de la Modernidad. Como podrá verse, se trata de una obra de gran relevancia para el campo ya que analiza y demuestra el carácter disruptivo que presentan algunas tesis de Tomás de Vio con respecto al pensamiento de Tomás de Aquino, a quien pretende estar comentando. Estos descubrimientos implican importantes consecuencias para el modo de comprender el (...) devenir de la escuela tomística fundada en torno a su legado. (shrink)

El artículo analiza críticamente la propuesta contenida en el libro Aquinas’s Ontology of the Material World. Change, Hylomorphism, and Material Objects de Jeffrey E. Brower. Se sintetizan algunos de los puntos principales de la obra ero, particularmente, se evalúa el núcleo de su propuesta, consistente en poner en diálogo las ideas tomasinas acerca del mundo natural con las propuestas de la ontología contemporánea. Se evidencia que, más allá de las intenciones, el autor no consigue cumplir con lo proyectado en tanto (...) parece ejercer en algunos puntos cierta violencia interpretativa contra conceptos centrales de la filosofía del Aquinate. Se concluye que dicha violencia es consecuencia de pretender circunscribir tales conceptos dentro de un contexto epistemológico radicalmente distinto como es el de la ontología contemporánea. (shrink)

Jusqu’à récemment, les deux textes écrits par Georges Canguilhem sur l’écologie restaient peu connus. Aujourd’hui, ils sont réunis dans le tome V des Œuvres complètes. Chez Can-guilhem, le sujet de l’écologie est intrinsèquement lié aux concepts de technique et de milieu, dont la généalogie théorique remonte à ses premiers ouvrages des années 1930. Ce qui éclaire ces questions : l’être humain doit-il renoncer aux techniques pour restaurer un équilibre supposé avec la nature, ne serait-il pas plutôt nécessaire de rendre à (...) ses besoins leur priorité sur les intérêts économiques? (shrink)

RESUMEN Este trabajo busca hacer un aporte a la discusión actual en teoría política, específicamente, a las categorías a través de las cuales se indaga la democracia. Con este fin, se propone una crítica a la noción de “identidad política”, la cual avanza por dos caminos: el principal retoma la crítica de Adorno a la lógica identificante y a la relación sujeto-objeto que ella entraña. Sobre esta base se problematiza esa relación sujeto-sujeto que es el lazo político. Como una suerte (...) de excursus de este camino principal, se avanzará en una crítica inmanente del uso que de dicha noción se realiza en una de las filosofías políticas hoy preponderantes: la teoría postfundacionalista. Para ello se realizará una lectura interna de la propuesta de Chantal Mouffe, en tanto representante de dicha teoría, cuya labor se concentra en la indagación de la lógica democrática, tarea en la cual el concepto de identidad juega un papel clave. Por ambas vías se apunta a señalar que la categoría de identidad política contiene la tendencia a cancelar el pluralismo y, con éste, la democracia. Frente a ello se postula una manera distinta de problematizar el lazo político, a través de la noción de mímesis. ABSTRACT This work seeks to make some contribution to the current discussion in political theory, specifically, to the categories through which democracy is studied. With this goal in mind, a critique of the notion of “political identity” is proposed, which proceeds in two ways: the main one takes up Adorno’s criticism of the identifying logic and the subject-object relationship that it entails. On this basis, the subject-subject relationship that is the political link is problematized. As a sort of excursus of this main path, we will proceed to an immanent critique about how this notion is used by one of the main political philosophy lines nowadays: the Post-Foundational Theory. To this purpose, an internal reading of the proposal of Chantal Mouffe is made, because she is a representative of that theory, whose work is focused on the investigation of democratic logics, and gives to the concept of identity a key role. In both ways, it is pointed out that the category of political identity contains the tendency to cancel pluralism and, with it, democracy. Against this, a different way of problematizing the political link is postulated, through the notion of mimesis. (shrink)

El presente artículo aborda las connotaciones y los fundamentos de la paráfrasis cum canere vellem en Serv. Ecl. 6. 3. El análisis del sentido del verbo volo en este contexto y la confrontación del pasaje con Serv. Ecl. 6. 5 revelan que Servio interpreta la frase cum canerem reges et proelia como referencia a un temprano empeño de Virgilio en componer poesía épica, del que pronto desistió. Esta interpretación está condicionada por la idea de que la secuencia cronológica Églogas - (...) Geórgicas - Eneida tiene un correlato jerárquico, idea que se funda en noticias biográficas y en la teoría de la tripertita varietas. This paper focuses on the connotations and grounds of the paraphrase cum canere vellem in Serv. Ecl. 6. 3. The analysis of the sense of verb volo within this context, as well as the confrontation between that passage and Serv. Ecl. 6. 5, show that Servius interprets the clause cum canerem reges et proelia as a reference to Virgil's early endeavor to compose an epic poem, from which he shortly desisted. This interpretation is conditioned by the idea that the chronological sequence Eclogues - Georgics - Aeneid has a hierarchical correlate, an idea which is founded on biographical information and the theory of tripertita varietas. (shrink)

Resumen: El presente trabajo quiere mostrar la expresión del pensamiento político de Alfonso Fernández de Madrigal “El Tostado” en su obra De optima politia. Esta pequeña composición ofrece reflexiones sobre la comunidad humana que funda la política, sobre la ciudad como sede de la constitución política, sobre el mejor gobierno posible y la crítica de algunos elementos platónicos, como el comunismo de esposas y la condición y valor de la familia. ElTostado introduce como autor y fuente principal de inspiración de (...) su pensamiento a Aristóteles en la España prehumanista y en los ambientesuniversitarios del siglo XV. (shrink)

Déjà réédité, ce manuel a pour vocation de présenter tout le champ des relations entre femme et écriture pour les dix siècles du Moyen Age (500-1500). Figurent donc ici des textes écrits par des femmes, des textes destinés à la lecture féminine et des textes dont les femmes sont le sujet. L'Europe est l'espace culturel couvert. La lecture d'une anthologie est sans doute la moins prévisible qui soit : devant l'immense domaine couvert, chaque lecteur tracera son propre chemin. En effet,...

La pensée de Georges Canguilhem (1904-1995) connaît un regain d'intérêt dans les lieux académiques et de recherche. Ainsi, eut lieu à l'Université Paris-1 un colloque international intitulé «Un nouveau Canguilhem? » pour la parution des Oeuvres complètes jetant une nouvelle lumière sur des écrits de jeunesses peu connus. Mais que peut-on apprendre de ces manuscrits privés? Ces écrits inédits confirment-ils l'opinion vague qui lie le philosophe aux sciences naturelles? Ce livre privilégie un autre angle: Canguilhem en philosophe de l'action.

Resumen En la actualidad, a la teoría crítica se le objeta su pretensión de fundarse normativamente, por imposibilitarle ello acoger el pluralismo, presupuesto del orden democrático. Partiendo de esa objeción, este trabajo busca sostener que en Horkheimer y Adorno hay elementos con los que avanzar en la elaboración de una teoría crítica “postnormativa”. Esto en estrecha conexión con - lo que Habermas llama - el carácter “postmetafísico” de su pensamiento, es decir, su rechazo a todo intento por fundar el edificio (...) cognoscitivo en una instancia incondicionada. Sobre esta base, se propone un abordaje dialéctico del pluralismo, a partir de la relación entre diferencia y semejanza. Vía por la cual tematizar esa configuración de lo social que posibilitaría ser diferente sin temor. Al mismo tiempo que se caracterizan dos lógicas que entrañan la cancelación de dicha configuración de lo social, de su dialéctico acogimiento del pluralismo: la instauración de un absoluto, por un lado, y la apática frialdad, por el otro. Todo esto con vistas a interrogar el modo en que producimos un conocimiento crítico, a la vez que se busca hacer de él una instancia que contribuya a la democratización de la sociedad establecida.Currently, the critical theory is refuted for its pretensions to have a normative foundation. Because that generate it an impossibility to accept the pluralism, ground for the democratic order. Taking that as starting point, this paper seeks to sustain that in Horkheimer and Adorno work there are elements for the elaboration of a “post-normative” critical theory. This in close connection with - what Habermas calls - the “post-metaphysical” character of their thought, namely, their rejection to any try to found the knowledge’s building in an unconditioned instance. In base of that, this paper propose a dialectical approach of pluralism, through the relationship between difference and likeness. In this way, it is thematized that social configuration that would make possible being different without fear. At the same time, they are characterized two logics that contain the cancellation of that social configuration, of its dialectical acceptance of pluralism: the instauration of an absolute, on one hand, and the apathetic coldness, on the other hand. All of this with the main objective of interrogates the mode in which we produce critical knowledge, at the same time that it looks forward to make of it a instance that contributes to the democratization of the established society. (shrink)

En este trabajo se aborda la perspectiva elaborada por George Lukács en Historia y consciencia de clase, con el fin de llevar a cabo una apropiación de aquellos elementos metódicos y conceptuales que contengan una potente actualidad para la formulación de una teoría crítica de la sociedad tardo-moderna. Con esta intención se indaga la función metódica y epistémica que la noción de totalidad tiene en la perspectiva dialéctica por él elaborada. Para lo cual se lleva adelante un trabajo de lectura (...) que permite distinguir analíticamente dos formas distintas en que Lukács concibe la relación sujeto-objeto desde el punto de vista de la totalidad, ambas imbricadas en su obra, sin separación alguna, donde cada una de ellas conlleva maneras diferentes de captar el particular entrelazamiento entre la estructura social objetiva y el modo de pensamiento y acción subjetivo, impactando, por tanto, en toda la estructuración metódica de la perspectiva crítica que tenga a una u otra por fundamento. Sobre esta base, se aborda un segundo objetivo: aprehender un punto ciego al que se enfrenta la labor crítica, producto del doble rechazo tanto de los intentos por fundarla normativamente, así como de aquellas perspectivas que la dejan sin fundamento alguno.This paper analyses the George Lukács’s perspective developed in his History and class conscience, with the main objective of doing an appropriation of those methodical and conceptual elements, which are particularly productive for a critical theory of the late-modern society. For that reason, this article investigates the methodical and epistemic function that the notion of totality has in the lukacsianan’s dialectical point of view. This is done asking what makes possible an analytic distinction between two different conceptions of the subject-object relationship from the totality’s point of view, both of them overlap in his thought, without any dissociation. Each one of these conceptions implies a different way of understanding the particular entwinement between the objective social structure and the subject’s mode of thought and action. And this impacts in the complete methodical structuration of the critical perspective. Based on this problematic the paper studies a second objective: to grasp a blind point, that generated by the rejection of the perspectives that based on a normative reason, as well as the ones that leave it without any fundament. (shrink)

“ion in Thomas Aquinas: Beyond Thomistic Epistemology”. This paper aims to justify the importance of a renewed way to analyze the doctrine of abstraction in Thomas Aquinas, considering that different studies so far a) show difficulties to correctly interpret some key texts of the Angelic, and b) have spawned debates and disagreements among scholars to the point of preventing the development of a common doctrine on the subject. Throughout the paper, two texts will be analyzed in order to show the (...) contrast between what is said and what has been commonly interpreted from them. (shrink)

¿En qué condiciones hay política? Esta pregunta subyace al conjunto de la teoría de Rancière. Para quien no siempre la hay, lo que siempre hay, en cambio, es dominación, una división policial de lo sensible. Aprehender tales condiciones, y lo que ello nos dice sobre esta teoría de lo político, es el objetivo principal del presente artículo. Con tal fin se realizará una lectura interna de dicha teoría, indagando la lógica propia de los materiales ranciereanos, en pos de captar sus (...) potencialidades pero también sus puntos ciegos al problematizar lo político. En definitiva, se realizará una “crítica inmanente” de su teoría, la cual se enfocará especialmente en cómo este autor tematiza la relación entre conocimiento y política. Así, se estudiarán, por un lado, los factores que llevan a que el conocimiento (filosófico, sociológico, etc.) suprima a la política, al litigio que la caracteriza, según Rancière. Esto conducirá, a su vez, a detallar cuáles son las condiciones que él señala como necesarias para que “haya política”. Por el otro lado, y en vínculo con lo anterior, se analizará el estatus que en esta teoría se da a la “igualdad”, en tanto desligarla de toda pretensión de verdad (cognoscitiva) resulta clave en las objeciones a la relación entre conocimiento y política que plantea Rancière, en lo que constituye, al mismo tiempo, uno de los cuestionamientos contemporáneos más radicales de dicha relación. El fin que persigue la crítica inmanente de esta teoría es elaborar los elementos para una nueva problematización de ese lazo entre conocimiento y política, particularmente del lugar que el conocimiento crítico puede tener en una política democrática. (shrink)